Tulsa 1921

Tulsa 1921 Race Massacre - Background

“Tulsa Race Riot: A Report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921.” Tulsa, OK: Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. 28 February 2001, https://www.okhistory.org/research/forms/freport.pdf.

James S. Hirsch, Riot and Remembrance: The Tulsa Race War and Its Legacy. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2002. 

Tulsa 1921 Race Massacre - Mass Grave Investigation Overview

Melissa A. Connor, “Mass Grave Investigation.” Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science (Wiley Online Library), 17 December 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470061589.fsa615.pub2.

“Developing training, standards and policies for forensic investigation of mass graves.” Bournemouth University. November 2013, https://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/research/projects/developing-training-standards-policies-forensic-investigation-mass-graves.

“Mass grave protection and investigation project.” ICMP: International Commission on Missing Persons.” n.d., https://www.icmp.int/mass-graves-protection-project/.

Melanie Klinkner, “Towards mass-grave protection guidelines.” Human Remains and Violence. Volume 3, No. 1 (2017): pp. 52–70, https://www.icmp.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Towards-massgrave-protection-guidelines1-1.pdf.

Tulsa 1921 Race Massacre - Comparative Reviews

Francisco Ferrándiz and Antonius C. G. M. Robben, Eds., Necropolitics

Mass Graves and Exhumations in the Age of Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, https://www.amazon.com/Necropolitics-Graves-Exhumations-Pennsylvania-Studies/dp/0812223977.

Melanie Klinker, “Mass Grave Investigations for International Criminal Proceedings.” Torture: Asian and Global Perspectives. Vol. 3, No. 1 & 2, (February-April 2014), http://torturemag.org/mass-grave-investigations-for-international-criminal-proceedings/.

Melanie Klinker and Alexandra Lily Kather, “The Legal Protection of Mass Graves.” EJIL: Talk! Blog of the European Journal of International Law. 18 November 2016, https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-legal-protection-of-mass-graves/.

M. Skinner, D. Alempijevic, and M. Djuric-Srejic M, “Guidelines for international forensic bio-archaeology monitors of mass grave exhumations.” Forensic Science International. Vol 134, No. 2-3 (July 2003): pp.81-92, https://europepmc.org/article/med/12850400.

Caroline Steele, “Archaeology and the Forensic Investigation of Recent Mass Graves: Ethical Issues for a New Practice of Archaeology.” Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress. Vol. 4. No. 3 (December 2008): pp .414-428, https://www.aafs.org/common/Uploaded%20files/Resources/HHRRC/Standards/Steele-2008-arch-and-the-for-inv-of-mass-graves-ethics-Archaeologies.pdf

Alexis L. VanBaarle, “Using Forensic Anthropology to Investigate Mass Graves: Comparative Case Studies from Rwanda and Guatemala.” 2019 Boller Review, Journal of Undergraduate Research & Creativity, Texas Christian University, Vol. 4, http://dx.doi.org/10.18776/tcu/br/4/109.

Tulsa 1921 Race Massacre - Technical Reports/Archeological Surveys

Scott W. Hammerstedt and Amanda L. Regnier, “Searching For Graves From the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre:Geophysical Survey of Oaklawn Cemetery, The Canes, and Newblock Park.” Oklahoma Archeological Survey Research Series 5 (2019), https://www.cityoftulsa.org/media/11899/hammerstedt-and-regnier-2019-searching-for-graves-from-the-1921-tulsa-race-massacre-oasrs-5.pdf.

Tulsa 1921 Race Massacre - Technical Approaches

Soren Blau, Jon Sterenberg, Patrick Weeden, Fernando Urzedo, Ricahrd Wright, and Chris Watson, “Exploring non-invasive approaches to assist in the detection of clandestine human burials: developing a way forward.” Forensic Science Research. Vol. 3, No. 4 (2018): pp. 304-326, https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2018.1493809.

G. Clark Davenport, “Remote Sensing Applications in Forensic Investigations.” Historical Archaeology. Vol. 35, No. 1 (2001): pp. 87-100, https://www.jstor.org/stable/25616896.

Joel W. Grossman, “Defining Boundaries and Targeting Excavation with Ground-Penetrating Radar: The Case of Raritan Landing.” Environmental Impact Assessment Review. Vol. 1, No. 2 (June 1980): pp. 145-166, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-9255(80)80006-0 or https://www.geospatialarchaeology.com/Radar1980.pdf.

Joel W. Grossman, “Toxic and Hazardous Environments,” in Deborah M. Pearsall, Ed. Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press, 2008: pp. 2134-2156, https://www.geospatialarchaeology.com/Grossman%202008-Toxic.pdf.

William D. Haglund, Melissa Connor and Douglas D. Scott, “The Archaeology of Contemporary Mass Graves.” Historical Archaeology. Vol. 35, No. 1 (2001): pp. 57-69, https://www.jstor.org/stable/25616893.

Tulsa 1921 Race Massacre - Archival Resources

“Tulsa Race Massacre,” Oklahoma Digital Praire. n.d., https://digitalprairie.ok.gov/digital/collection/race-riot.

Chec Phillips, “Murder in the Streets.” (Phillips Book) Unpublished manuscript. Leonard, OK, n.d., 160 pages. [Available as a .pdf document.]

Dick Warner, “Interview with Robert Petty, former Tulsa policeman.” (Patty Papers). Unpublished memorandum (addressed to Dr. Scott Ellsworth) .14 June 2002. [Available as a .pdf document.]

Tulsa 1921 Race Massacre - Legal Concepts (toward definitions)

Kirsten Lavery, “Legislation Factsheet: Prosecution of Mass Atrocity Crimes.” Washington, DC: United States Commission of International Religious Freedom. July 2019, https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/Legislation%20Factsheet%20-%20Atrocity%20Crimes.pdf.

Sarah McIntosh, Pursuing Justice for Mass Atrocities: A Handbook for Victim Groups. Washington, DC: Simon-Skjodt Center for the Prevention of Genocide, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2021, https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/USHMM-Pursuing-Justice-for-Mass-Atrocities.pdf.

“Rule 115. Disposal of the Dead.” (Customary International Humanitarian Law). ICRC: International Committee of the Red Cross. n.d., https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule115.

“Practice Relating to Rule 115. Disposal of the Dead; Section D. Burial in individual or collective graves” (Customary International Humanitarian Law). ICRC: International Committee of the Red Cross. n.d., https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_rul_rule115.

Tulsa 1921 Race Massacre - Selected News Reports on Tulsa 1921 Massacre

DeNeen L. Brown, “In Tulsa, an investigation finds possible evidence of mass graves from 1921 race massacre.” Washington Post. 16 December 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/12/16/tulsa-moves-closer-learning-if-there-are-mass-graves-race-massacre/.

Brakkton Booker, “Excavation Begins For Possible Mass Grave From 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre.” KPBS, 14 July 2020, https://www.kpbs.org/news/2020/jul/14/excavation-begins-for-possible-mass-grave-from/.

Dreisen Heath, “Tulsa Searches for Mass Graves from 1921 Race Massacre.” Human Rights Watch. 14 July 2020, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/14/tulsa-searches-mass-graves-1921-race-massacre.

Chris Polansky, “Archaeological Work Resumes At Oaklawn Cemetery In Race Massacre Grave Investigation.” Tulsa Public Radio 89.5, 13 July 2020, https://www.publicradiotulsa.org/post/archaeological-work-resumes-oaklawn-cemetery-race-massacre-grave-investigation#stream/0.

 Elizabeth Wolfe and Saeed Ahmed, “An investigation has revealed what may be 2 mass grave sites from the 1921 Tulsa race riots.” CNN, 17 December 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/17/us/tulsa-race-riot-possible-graves-found-trnd/index.html.

Tulsa 1921 Race Massacre - Sociology of Violence

Kate Ferguson, Architecture of Violence: The Command Structures of Mass Atrocities. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.

Donald L. Horowitz, The Deadly Ethnic Riot. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001.

News

Artefacts from the Tulsa Race Massacre, Smithsonian Magazine, 24 May 2021

Tulsa Race Massacre Is Now an M.B.A. Case Study at Harvard, The Wall Street Journal, 3 June 2021